Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Relationship - Essay Example On account of her, I view myself as alone and this depression has gone into me, as it is my own part. Presently, I truly need to be separated from everyone else more often than not without anybody upsetting me in my disconnected world. There are three sorts of connections that are self-assured, forceful and aloof. I arrange my mother’s relationship with me as aloof and forceful on the grounds that at whatever point I attempt to speak with her, the end is hostility and I feel that I will go frantic. I have a similar disposition with my companions, as in light of keeping such conduct with my mom, I have built up a similar conduct for everybody attempting to speak with me. At whatever point somebody can't comprehend my issues, and me I get forceful and attempt to flee from the spot. With the constant dangerous relationship with my mom, animosity and lack of involvement have become some portion of my character. In this manner, what characterizes me with my connections is hostility and detachment. My gathering individuals have likewise issues with their connections. One of my gathering individuals educated us that she had an upsetting relationship with her manager because of which, she lost her employment. She loathed her chief. Subsequent to tuning in to her issue in regards to her activity and her stressed relationship with her chief, I viewed myself as lucky enough as far as my relationship with my chief. I take a shot at low maintenance premise as a secretary in a clinical treatment community. I had no understanding of the activity previously and when I was called for talk with, I was astonished as I was very new to the activity. My activity duties incorporate confirmation of protection of customers with the insurance agency, charging the protection and reminding the customers about their timetable. I just haphazardly dropped my CV for the activity without anything in my brain and I landed the position. My supervisor is benevolent, thoughtful, steady and enlightening. He h as permitted me to show up on Saturday or Sunday. He is additionally a decent instructor, as he shows me a great deal. I like my activity. I additionally carry out another responsibility as an internee, in any case, I don't

Good and Bad Dams

Latin America and Caribbean Region Sustainable Development Working Paper 16 Good Dams and Bad Dams: Environmental Criteria for Site Selection of Hydroelectric Projects November 2003 George Ledec Juan David Quintero The World Bank Latin America and Caribbean Region Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department (LCSES) Latin America and the Caribbean Region Sustainable Development Working Paper No. 16 Good Dams and Bad Dams: Environmental Criteria for Site Selection of Hydroelectric Projects November 2003George Ledec Juan David Quintero The World Bank Latin America and the Caribbean Region Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Sector Management Unit George Ledec has worked with the World Bank since 1982, and is by and by Lead Ecologist for the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Unit (LCSES) of the World Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office. He represents considerable authority in the ecological appraisal of advance ment ventures, with specific spotlight on biodiversity and related protection oncerns. He has worked broadly with the ecological parts of dams, streets, oil and gas, backwoods the executives, and ensured zones, and is one of the principle creators of the World Bank’s Natural Habitats Policy. Dr. Ledec earned a Ph. D. in Wildland Resource Science from the University of California-Berkeley, a Masters in Public Affairs from Princeton University, and a Bachelors in Biology and Environmental Studies from Dartmouth College.Juan David Quintero joined the World Bank in 1993 and is by and by Lead Environmental Specialist for LCSES and Coordinator of the Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean Quality Assurance Team, which screens consistence with ecological and social protect approaches. He represents considerable authority in ecological appraisal of framework ventures, principally streets, hydropower, oil and gas, urban vehicle, and water flexibly and sanitation. He has gotten the Regional Award from the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) for advancing upgrades in ecological effect evaluations all through Latin America.He is a structural architect with postgraduate degrees in Environmental and Sanitary Engineering. The discoveries, understandings, and ends in this record are those of the creators, and ought not be credited in any way to the World Bank, its subsidiary associations, individuals from its Board of Executive Directors, or the nations they speak to. This working paper arrangement is delivered by the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Sector Management Unit of the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office. Extra duplicates might be acquired from the creators or from LCSES Program Assistant Peter Brandriss ([emailâ protected] rg, or tel. 1-202-473-9379). Spread photographs (clockwise from upper left): Loksop Dam, South Africa Guavio Dam, Colombia Yacyreta Dam, Argentina/Paraguay All photographs by George Ledec ii Contents Acknowledgments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. iv Foreword †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ii Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Adverse Environmental Impacts of Hydropower Development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Key Indicators of Likely Environmental Impacts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Overview of Environmentally Good and Bad Hydroelectric Dam Sites †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Tables 1. Hydroelectric Projects: Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Options 4 2. Land Area Flooded and People Displaced in Large Hydropower Projects iii 12 Acknowledgments Doug Mason (specialist) accumulated information on in excess of twenty finished Latin American hydroelectric undertakings; this data was extremely helpful in our investigation of natural and social effects, moderation measures, and site choice criteria.Several flow and previous World Bank Group staff individuals gave valuable remarks and much consolation, including Alessandro Palmieri, John Briscoe, Teresa Serra, Tony Whitten, Robert Goodland, Tor Ziegler, Warren Van Wicklin, William Partridge, Maria Clara Mejia, Kristine Ivarsdotter, Mateen Thobani, Salman, and A. J. Glauber. This paper likewise mirrors the supportive remarks gave by Dominique Egre and Gaitan Guertin (Hydro-Quebec), Jose Goldemberg (World Commission on Dams), and Paul Dulin. Dwindle Brandriss editted and set up the report for distribution. iv ForewordFew kinds of improvement ventures stimulate as much debate as hydroelectric dams. Their regularly genuine ecological harm has been abundantly reported inside the previous decade. In any case, numerous nations, in Latin America and around the world, depend upon hydroelectric dams for a significant segment of their electric force. Power stays a key element for improving the lives of needy individuals all over. In creating nations, quick urbanization and proceeded with populace development will guarantee expanded interest for electric force for a considerabl e length of time to come, even with the best of interest the board and vitality productivity measures.Energy organizers in many creating nations are along these lines prone to keep considering hydroelectric to be as a promising wellspring of sustainable electric force. This report gives significant guidance to generously diminishing the natural harm from future hydroelectric dams (regardless of whether they get World Bank Group financing) through great undertaking site determination. Despite the fact that the report’s ends are drawn basically from an audit of Latin American dams, its creative philosophy for dam site selectionâ€based on hearty natural and social measures and clear, quantitative indicatorsâ€should demonstrate valuable worldwide.The report likewise accommodatingly sums up the ecological relief alternatives for the improved activity of existing hydroelectric dams. All things considered, this report should be of significant enthusiasm to individuals intrigue d by hydroelectric dams, regardless of whether at the World Bank, other multilateral and reciprocal improvement organizations, government offices, private vitality organizations, counseling firms, ecological and different NGOs, and the scholarly community. This report is a piece of the LCR Sustainable Development Working Paper Series distributed by the Latin America and the Caribbean Region’s Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Sector Management Unit (LCSES).This arrangement tries to disperse the aftereffects of our expository and operational work, present primer discoveries, and portray â€Å"best practices† concerning major supportable improvement issues confronting the area. The discoveries, understandings, and ends communicated in these papers are completely those of the creators and ought not be credited to the World Bank, individuals from its Board of Executive Directors, or the nations they speak to. John Redwood Director Environmentally and Soc ially Sustainable Development Latin America and Caribbean Region The World Bank v Executive SummaryLarge dams differ impressively in their unfriendly ecological and related social effects. From an ecological stance, there are generally acceptable dams and terrible dams. While some enormous dams are generally generous, others have caused major natural harm. The seriousness of ecological effects from a hydroelectric task is to a great extent controlled by the dam site. While dams at great locales can be truly solid from a natural point of view, those proposed at awful destinations will inalienably be profoundly hazardous, regardless of whether all possible relief measures are appropriately implemented.This paper gives a straightforward, yet hearty, approach for looking at proposed hydroelectric venture locales as far as their normal negative ecological effects, and relating these to control age benefits. The paper additionally sums up the ecological alleviation alternatives for enormo us dams. In the event that appropriately executed, these alleviation measures can adequately forestall, limit, or make up for some (however not the entirety) of a hydroelectric project’s negative impacts.Nonetheless, the best

Medea Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Medea Persuasive Essay This play was the tale of the, life of Ð ¡harlotte Salmon. It gave her life from kid hood to grown-up hood and afterward her passing, and furthermore significant occasion in her short life that influenced her and thusly influenced us. The play had an emotional story line as charlotte salmon had a sensational life. In the play we saw charlotte shaping close connection ships with the characters around her but then sooner or later they were completely taken from her, initially her mom: they utilized a few entertainers to show they a wide range of moods she was in, one quiet and playing with her little girl, at that point hysterical utilizing all the levels and space on the stage attempting in vein to converse with her better half and afterward arriving at the purpose of executing her self. I feel this was an incredible method for indicating all parts of what she was thinking. This strategy was utilized again in the play when her grandma got self-destructive. This bit of theater was exceptionally allegorical, for instance the furnishings, toward the start or the play that every individual from the family had spoken to them: the dad being a closet with shut entryways, the pendulum clock that had no numbers held the granddad and the mother and grandma being chests of draws being the equivalent toward the beginning and the both wound up a similar way. The window that was utilized in the suicides and nearly for the self destruction of charlotte to me was a sort of entrance, not to the outside world as most windows seem to be, yet to existence in the wake of death. Objects speaking to something different was utilized all through the play however especially when charlotte was painting, rather than pictures she drew pictures that indicated a part of the play for example a key implied mysteries as reality of her moms passing had been secured a chest and the key covered up, some these pictures were utilized again in the play for instance when charlottes grandma kicked the bucket the image of anguish was appeared to the crowd on an a lot greater scale. As the on-screen characters decided to utilize covers they couldn't utilize outward appearance to portey feeling, so the on-screen characters had intensify their move ments, they did this very well with hand signals and the way and speed of witch the moved, the degrees of the stage were likewise utilized. They didn't only utilize the phase to proceed onward, I think by covering it in white material it demonstrated another and unadulterated part in charlotte life, when she began to paint. The lighting was utilized adequately in the play, when there was a despairing piece of the play for example at the point when her mom passed on the lighting was low, at that point in more joyful occasions was splendid like when they were on vacation. Anyway I don't thin that the lighting was an enormous piece of the impacts of the play.

The Work and Life of Lucille Clifton A Biographical Approach - Literature Essay Samples

You can walk in another’s shoes, the saying goes, but you cannot walk in his skin.† -Tracey Mishkin Lucille Clifton is an author whose work brings forth attention to â€Å"forms of oppression such as the exploitation of women, people of colour, and other subjugated groups† (Hashim). Clifton utilized her background as an African-American woman in a New York neighborhood and incorporated â€Å"black experience, family life, and the female body† to be â€Å"the main concerns† of her poetry (Hashim). Lucille Clifton was born and raised in Depew, New York. Neither her father nor mother, Samuel and Thelma Sayles, were educated; however, they laid the ground experiences for Clifton’s work (Moody). Lucille Clifton began writing around age twelve; In an interview with Hilary Holladay, Clifton said that what caused her to begin writing is that inner urge that everyone has to express themselves. Clifton said, â€Å"Cooks do it with food; there are people that do it with hair, clothing, fabric. I loved words, always, the sound of words, the feeling of words in my mouth, and so I did it that way† (Holladay 182). Clifton’s expressions could not have come at a more inspiring time. She began her work during the â€Å"Explosive Black Arts Movement† (Mishkin 305). In this paper, I will connect Clifton’s poetry to her background and this movement in particular. â€Å"oh antic god† is one of Clifton’s later poems. It showcases the love she felt for her mother and the sadness that, even years later, lingers at her loss. The speaker of the poem thinks that God’s action of taking her mother was some ‘antic,’ a cruel joke of sorts. At any time period, mothers are normally important and influential in their children’s lives. This was especially the case in Clifton’s life, as she drew her early inspirations and skills from her poet mother. Assuming that Clifton is the direct speaker, she just wants to remember her mother and everything she contributed to her life because â€Å"though her wild hair scratches my [speaker’s] dreams,† she can barely remember her mother’s characteristics (Clifton 1482). â€Å"the lost baby poem† and â€Å"miss rosie† are similar to Lucille Clifton’s â€Å"oh antic god† in the way that all three are poems of remembrance. â€Å"the lost baby poem† is centered around a longing and regretful mother and her thoughts toward her aborted child. The poem is broken into three sections. The first section speaks of the actual abortion. The second is the mother’s excuses, and the third section is the lessons she learned from the experience. This time period was a particularly difficult time to live in and poverty rates were high, especially for an African-American female. The speaker uses this as a rather logical and good excuse in the lines that say what the child would have been born into, such as no money and cold. The speaker made the choice to abort, a common choice during this time, because she knew she could not provide; however, at the time she now speaks from, she has new children. She makes a promise to herself and her unborn child, a promise that she will do right by her unborn by caring for the baby’s living siblings. There is respect due to the mother for her decision. On the subject of respect is â€Å"miss rosie.† This poem initially has a sympathetic tone that turns to hints of harshness and hatred at the words, â€Å"you wet brown bag of a woman† (Clifton 1479). While there is this tone, it sounds almost as if the speaker contributes some of his or her success to this miss rosie character and is just disappointed in the person miss rosie has become. Miss rosie could be an example of how the world swallows people up and tosses them aside like garbage and old potato peels. The speake r probably has a fear of becoming like the fallen â€Å"Georgia Rose† (Clifton 1479). Lucille Clifton’s era was a particularly difficult time for women, especially those of color, and their struggles were probably not understood by many men. For this reason, â€Å"wishes for sons† was probably popular among female communities that understood where the speaker was coming from. One of the most feminine experiences is a menstrual cycle. It’s a time of pain that reoccurs constantly. No man has ever experienced the embarrassment, pain, and worry of a period, and the speaker just wishes that all the males of the world could experience a menstrual cycle so that they would know and understand the constant battle of women in everyday life. Women are constantly fighting a battle that they never win, and unfortunately for women of Lucille Clifton’s time, it was a battle all too well-known. One step forward for them never lasted, as they were knocked back two more. It was like a double whammy for women of color. It has always been a cycle in which resu lts seem lasting and promising but never are, like the way â€Å"the mississippi river empties into the gulf.† There is so much water in the world that you never think of water returning somewhere that is has already been, but it has been a long cycle and some water is bound to go back to the place and way it was. Even if not, old water is still replaced. In the sense of women, old struggles are replaced with new struggles, and many struggles reoccur over time. â€Å"the mississippi river empties into the gulf† may be a short poem, but it speaks volumes nonetheless. Speaking volumes in few words is something that Lucille Clifton could do with all her works. Her absence of capitalization also aided in this. For some reason, as a reader, more emotion is felt through the lowercasing of even her titles; however, even as you could feel, sympathize, and understand the content of Clifton’s work, you cannot truly know her struggles. It is a new time with new struggles, and you are the outsider. As Jocelyn Moody states about Clifton, â€Å"you can walk in another’s shoes, the saying goes, but you cannot walk in his skin.† We are of privileged times and privileged color. Works Cited Clifton, Lucille. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. General Editor Nina Baym. Shorter 8th ed. Vol. 2. W.W. Norton, 2013, pp 1077-82. Hashim, Abdel Mohsen Ibrahim. â€Å"Grief for what is human, grief for what is not: An Ecofeminist Insight into the Poetry of Lucille Clifton.† International Journal of English and Literature 5.8 (2014): 182-193. Holladay, Hilary. Wild Blessings: The Poetry of Lucille Clifton. LSU Press, 2012. Mishkin, Tracy, ed. Literary Influence and African-American Writers: Collected Essays. Rutledge, 2015. Moody, Jocelyn. â€Å"About Lucille Clifton.† Modern American Poetry, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2017. www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/clifton/about.htm

A Look At Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - 2747 Words

Introduction: In this paper we will take a look at posttraumatic stress disorder (from here on referred to as PTSD) in adults, aged 18 years and older, who have been victimized by sexual abuse as a child. In every case of childhood sexual abuse there are always lingering effects from the trauma. While some victims have a positive network and receive the help needed to cope with traumatic events such as this, others are left to suffer in silence, which in turn causes a variety of long term crisis’s. One such issue that may arise in the area of psychiatric health is posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by a terrifying event, generally coincides with two emotions, guilt and shame, expressed by the†¦show more content†¦An adult who functions inappropriately in society victimizes a childhood sexual abuse victim. When the victim spirals into shame and guilt related to PTSD, as a child or an adult, their emotions and actions will af fect the society they come into contact with. What is hoped to be understood is that childhood sexual abuse does not only effect the short term. Those that do not have a healthy relationship to turn to in order to disclose the abuse will come to an end where their daily life is consumed by guilt and shame. Literature Review: The Mayo Clinic defines PTSD as, â€Å"a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event.† These events can be personal inflicted on the person or witness by a person. For anyone who experiences a traumatic event readjustment can be difficult and a long process but those that receive help can make a recovery. For those that the have lasting symptoms or have symptoms that get worse they may be diagnosed with PTSD. The symptoms of PTSD are intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, and/or changes in emotional reactions. Reminders or stressors of the traumatic event can lead to intensity in PTSD symptoms. There are 5 most common kinds of traumatic events that could lead to PTSD, two of which are child neglect and abuse and sexual abuse.

Introduction to Hrms at Tata Consultancy Services free essay sample

The Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) enables you to achieve a well managed human resource system, turning HR management into a strategic advantage. What is Human Resource Management? Today, the most successful enterprises continuously review and improve their business functions, searching for new ways to streamline processes to make them more effective and to use them to gain competitive advantage. Human Resource Management is responsible for addressing the workforce aspect of this continuous improvement. How has the role of Human Resource Management changed? Human resource management was originally an administrative and welfare role within an enterprise. This often included recruitment and record–keeping functions. This role was primarily reactive in nature. Human Resources responded to the needs of both managers and employees, but did not anticipate them. In the last few decades, human resource management has evolved and assumed a more proactive role, from automated processing, to the provision of a new level of strategic value. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Hrms at Tata Consultancy Services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why is Human Resource Management important? The people within your enterprise produce the goods and provide the services that fuel your enterprise. At the same time, the human cost is often the biggest cost a company incurs. Well managed human resources directly improve your enterprise and contribute to a competitive advantage. If your enterprise has strategic, value added human resource management you will hire, motivate and retain the most capable workforce. You will have the ability to engage employees and line managers directly in managing their skills and careers to your enterprise’s advantage. Furthermore, you will have accurate, up–to–date workforce information for managers and executives. What applications comprise the HRMS family suite? HRMS consists of the following applications. These are all separate products powerfully integrated into one application family. Human Resources Payroll Advanced Benefits Self–Service Human Resources (SSHR) When the term HRMS is used, it refers to this integrated set of applications. Applications Related to the HRMS family suite There are other applications related to the HRMS family suite: Training Administration Application Data Exchange Statutory Sick Pay and Statutory Maternity Pay Time Management Business Intelligence System Individual user guides provide information on these other products. What is TCS Human Resources? TCS Human Resources (HR) is a proactive management solution that helps control costs while developing and supporting an effective workforce. Among the many features of HR is the ability to Manage the entire recruitment cycle Design organizational models that match current and future business strategies and objectives Perform position management by defining and recording required skills, competencies, experience and qualifications for positions, jobs and organizations Perform career management functions relating to the definition of competencies, assessments, suitability matching, graphical ranking and succession planning Administer and maintain benefits plans, coverage levels and contribution allocations Manage salary proposals and approve these by component Use spreadsheets to export compensation and benefit details for comparison with external survey figures Human Resources provides the shortest route to fast, smart human resource management. What is TCS HRMS Payroll? THE HRMS Payroll is a high–performance, rule based payroll management system designed to keep pace with changing enterprises and workforce needs. HRMS Payroll managers require a solution to address unique requirements and offer complex calculations without losing the benefits of a standard supported package. Payroll offers that capability via a unique, data driven approach that enables the definition and management of diverse payroll requirements. Among its many capabilities, HRMS Payroll delivers the power to: Process many payrolls quickly and easily in a single day Define comprehensive personal payment methods Quickly create complex calculation rules such as union overtime without programming Efficiently check, double check and reconcile payrolls Make retroactive adjustments to past earnings or deductions Examine employee payment histories at any time Track and monitor employee costs via online access to payroll data Disburse in multiple currencies Transfer payroll information to the general ledger and to other accounting systems, including project costing systems Report on payroll results to the tax office and company executives Maintain full security and integrity of payroll information, including historical information Enable access to information when required for inquiries and responses to pay queries HRMS Payroll enables fast, flexible and accurate payroll processing from time capture to ledger costing. What is meant by separate vs. integrated TCS HRMS systems? Traditionally, human resources and payroll departments have often held and managed human resource information in separate, duplicate systems. Over time there has been a greater demand for more unified information management erived from both human resource and payroll sources. One solution to this has been to develop interface products, that enable technical specialists to transfer data between the two systems. HRMS, however, provides an integrated system that both functions can genuinely share with full security and control of access by responsibility. This system is flexible enough to be implemented for use in a human resources only or a payrol l only environment. In each case you have access to the full range of functionality associated with human resources or payroll. What is TCS HRMS Advanced Benefits? In addition to the powerful compensation and benefit functionality included in Human Resources, also offers Advanced Benefits. Advanced Benefits enables the setup and administration of a complete benefits offering for enterprises managing their own benefits administration. Advanced Benefits delivers the following key functions: Pre and post–enrollment communications Web and interactive voice response (IVR) enrollment for cafeteria and exceptions Default and mass enrollments Enrollment process monitoring Life event management (for example, new hires, transfers, relocations or age changes) Web–based what–if eligibility analysis Flexibility spending account claims processing and reporting Advanced Benefits provides a total compensation framework, setting the stage for exciting and new compensation solutions. What is Self–Service Human Resources (SSHR) SSHR provides self–service human resource management for managers and employees. Using an intranet and a web browser employees and their managers now have easy to use and intuitive access to personal data and career management functionality. Workflow is used extensively in SSHR. SSHR uses Workflow to manage the flow of information between employees and management. The workflow engine is used for business process transactions and can route decision making through approval chains. For example, an employee may apply for a job using the Apply for a Job function and through a management approvals process be informed and accepted into a job. The workflow engine is also used to modify and configure much of SSHR. Using SSHR you can: Manage careers . This includes appraising employee’s competencies, matching a person to a job or position by competence and planning succession. Perform web based recruitment using ’Candidate Offers’ Candidate offers enables you to perform web based recruitment. Managers can seek approval for an appointment then advise job applicants, by letter, that they have been successful. This function is offered with its own responsibilities. Is HRMS a Multilingual, Global Application? Yes. HRMS offers the best of both worlds in the same installation . It provides non–legislative information common across all countries, plus localized information specific to each country. Also enables you to run HRMS in more than one language on a single database. This enables you to enter and report on information using more than one language. For example, your base, or source language, could be French, but you could also install German and English. You would then be able to enter and produce reports in French. Overview All your HRMS applications have a single source of information because they share the same tables within the database. This eliminates data redundancy, reduces the possibility of conflicting data in different databases and creates a consistent, complete and reliable picture of every employee. To help you understand how HRMS uses the database, you need to be familiar with the following key concepts: Human Resource Model: The human resource model reflects the enterprise’s structures and policies, that is at TCS . This information model lets you record the personal, work, and pay information for all the people you want to hold and process. Shared Information in HRMS: Human Resources and Payroll are available for purchase together as the components of a closely integrated human resources management system. This system combines Human Resources and Payroll windows under a single menu structure, sharing windows and underlying tables wherever possible to eliminate redundant data entry, maintenance and storage. ? How To Use Your Documentation and Online Help: There are many different activities which make up a successful strategic, value–added human resource management system. All these activities can be grouped into an interrelated cycle of events. To help you set up and manage your system, each event in the cycle is explained in the volumes of your HRMS User’s Gu ide and the online help. Multilingual HRMS: HRMS enables you to manage information in a wide variety of languages. To enable you to do this HRMS provides you with: – Multiple address styles National identifiers (such as social security numbers) validated against the format required in each country – Legislation specific date formatting – Translatable information –Multilingual reports Managing Change Over Time: A key requirement for any enterprise is the ability to manage change confidently and effectively. Typical enterprise changes include corporate restructuring, departmental reorganization, mergers and de–mergers of companies, centralization or decentralization of control and decision making, employee development and turnover. In TCS HRMS, you can change each of the major parts of your enterprise model without having to redefine the other parts. Modelling the Human Resources Information at TCS Human Resource Model The human resource model is both flexible and adaptable. It is flexible, so that you can control different groups within the same company. It is adaptable, so that you can easily change the basic model as your enterprise changes. People In HRMS, you can hold information about current and former employees, applicants, external contacts such as contractors, and employee contacts such as relatives and dependents. In addition to standard information such as addresses, nationality, interview records, qualifications, and absence information, you can define any other special information you need to hold for people. For example, you can define what information to hold on medical history, previous employment, or outside interests. You can also record employment information, such as hours of work and work choices. HRMS holds one integrated set of employee–related information. Payroll users access the parts of this information they require, while enterprise business rules determine who is responsible for entering and maintaining it. Work Structures Work structures represent the different ways in which employees can work within your enterprise. They provide the framework for defining the work assignments of your employees. They enable you to manage the information about your enterprise that is independent of your employees. You can also think of work structures as representing the organizational units of your enterprise. The Business Group is the largest unit and represents your enterprise as a whole. The work structures include your internal organizations (such as departments or divisions), payrolls, jobs or positions, grading structures, and any special employee groupings that you use in your enterprise. There is one integrated set of work structures for human resource and payroll users. Compensation and Benefits In HRMS you can define your own types of compensation and benefits, and the business rules you want to apply to them. As you change policies, move people within your enterprise, and adjust their individual remuneration packages, the system maintains their compensation and benefit history. For example, suppose you want to define a special type of payment and make this available only to employees who work at a particular location. In HRMS you use a compensation element to represent the payment. You define the business rule as a link between the element and the specific location. Then when you assign employees to the location, they automatically become eligible for the payment. Assignments In HRMS, the assignment describes employees’ places within the enterprise: the organization for which they work, their role, grade, location, and so on. As you change the assignment information for an employee, you automatically build up their work history. Your compensation eligibility rules link compensation and benefits to work structures, such as jobs or grades. The assignment places employees within the work structures of the enterprise. In this way, an employee’s assignment determines their eligibility for compensation and benefits. You can use assignments to identify major employee groups within the enterprise for management, for reporting and costing, and for compensation and benefit planning and administration.

Llb Summer Reprt on Finance Dabur Essay Example

Llb Summer Reprt on Finance Dabur Essay I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my teacher Mr. Vikas Gupta for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project.The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark. Lastly, I thank my parents, brother, sister and friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible. Index 1. Introduction 2. Legislations and Judicial Pronouncements 3. Trial by Media 4. Suggestions 5. Bibliography Introduction Court proceedings would be a waste of time if nobody needed to do what the court told them, or if the court had no power to enforce its orders.Contempt of court is disregarding the courts orders, or in any way interfering with the way the court does its job. Most courts take this very seriously, and have great power to deal with offenders. Criminal contempt The courts can only op erate effectively if they are able to enforce their will. That is the main purpose of the law relating to  civil contempt. However, in order to operate properly, the courts also need to be free from outside interference and to maintain their dignity. That, too, is protected by  criminal contempt.It is the business of the legislature to pass laws, but it is the business of the courts to administer them; when members of a government try to interfere in court proceedings or to influence court judgments, they are likely to be reminded sternly that they are interfering. If they persist, they may well find themselves in contempt of court, even if they are government ministers. Nobody is above the law. Similarly, the courts will protect themselves from interference by people attempting to bribe or threaten anyone connected with a case.They will also protect themselves from interference by journalists through publications. Courts also guard their dignity. This is not because judges cons ider themselves to be special people, but because they see themselves as representatives of the law itself. It is the law which must be respected by all citizens, and in order to ensure that respect, the courts insist on maintaining dignity. Courts are usually large and imposing buildings with national emblems above the bench where the judges or magistrates sit; judges often wear robes and wigs and people bow to them in court.All of these things represent the great stature and dignity of courts, which in turn are meant to encourage people to respect and obey them. Both these things freedom from interference and maintenance of dignity are protected by the law relating to criminal contempt. Publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter may constitute criminal contempt: Any publication which offends the dignity of the court Judges are not above criticism, but there are limits to how extreme that criticism can be.For example, it would be criminal contempt if a newspaper, radio or television report suggested that judges were habitually drunk in court, or that they took bribes. Any publication which prejudices the course of justice A report of a court case which gives details of the defendants previous criminal convictions, before the end of the trial, would be criminal contempt. This is because it may prejudice the judge, magistrate or jury against the defendant, if there are many previous convictions. This would reduce the chances of a fair trial.Previous convictions (often called  antecedents  or  priors) may not be revealed until after the verdict has been reached. They are then considered by the court to help it to decide on an appropriate punishment. Legislation and Judicial Pronouncements The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 was enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-second year in the Republic of India with the objective of defining and limiting the powers of certain courts in punish ing contempt of courts and to regulate their procedure in relation thereto. The law relating to contempt of court as existed prior to the Act of 1971 was somewhat uncertain and unsatisfactory.Moreover, the jurisdiction to punish for contempt touches two important fundamental rights including the right to freedom of speech and expression and right to personal liberty. It was, therefore, considered necessary to have the entire law on the subject scrutinised by a Special Committee. Hence, a Committee was set up in 1961 under the chairmanship of late H. N. Sanyal. The recommendations of the Committee have been generally accepted by Government after considering the view expressed on those recommendations by the State Governments, Union TerritoryAdministrations, the Supreme Court, the High Courts and the Judicial Commissioners. On the basis of these recommendations, the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 was passed which can be described as a comprehensive legislation. Section 2. Definitions a) Sub-clause ‘a’ of section 2 defines Contempt of Court. It says â€Å"Contempt of Court means civil contempt or criminal contempt†. b) Sub-clause ‘b’ defines civil contempt as â€Å"wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court†. ) Sub-clause ‘c’ defines criminal contempt as â€Å"the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which—   (i)  scandalizes, or tends to scandalize, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court; or   (ii)  prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due course of any judicial proceeding; or (iii)  interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner;†In Queen v. Gray, i t was held that the law relating to contempt of court is well settled as act done or writing published which is calculated to bring a court or a judge into contempt, or to lower his authority, or to interfere with the due course of justice or the lawful process of the Court, is a contempt of court. The Supreme Court in Baradakant v. Registrar, Orissa H. C. , has held that the defamatory criticism of a Judge functioning as a judge even in purely administrative or non-adjudicatory matters amounted to criminal contempt.The imputations contained in the letters have grossly vilified the High Court and has substantially interfered with the administration of justice and therefore, the appellant was rightly convicted of the offence of the criminal contempt. Making wild allegations of corruption against the presiding officer amounts to scandalizing the court. Imputation of motives of corruption to the judicial officer/authority by any person or group of persons is a serious inroad into the e fficacy of judicial process and threat to judicial independence and eeds to be dealt with the strong arm of law. —U. P. Sales Tax Service Association v. Taxation Bar Association 1995 (5) SCC 716 It has been rightly held by the Supreme Court that the spirit underlying Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution of India must have due play but we cannot overlook the provisions of the second clauses of the Article. While it is intended that there should be Freedom of Speech and Expression, it is also intended that in exercise of the right, contempt of the Court shall not be committed.These provisions are to be read with Articles 129 and 215 of the Constitution which specially confer on the Supreme Court and the High Courts the power to punish for contempt of themselves. Article 19 (l)(a) of the constitution guarantees complete Freedom of Speech and Expression but it also makes an exception in respect of Contempt of Court. The Supreme Court has held that the guaranteed right on which t he functioning of our democracy rests, is intended to give protection to expression of free opinions, to change political and social conditions and to advance human knowledge.While this right is essential to a free society, the Indian Constitution has itself imposed restrictions in relation to contempt of court. It cannot, therefore, be said that the right abolishes the law of contempt or that attacks upon judges and courts will be condoned. However, it should also remember that the judiciary in India is an institution of democracy. We should have strict interpretation of law of contempt in India because we have written Constitution in which freedom of speech and expression has been explicitly guaranteed. Section 3.Innocent publication and distribution of matter not contempt (1) A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he has published (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations, or otherwise) any matter which interfer es or tends to interfere with, or obstructs, ot tends to obstruct, the course of justice in connection with any civil or criminal proceeding pending at that time of publication, if at that time he had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending. 2)  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force, the publication of any such matter as is mentioned in sub-section (1) in connection with any civil or criminal proceeding which is not pending at the time of publication shall not be deemed to constitute contempt of court. 3)  A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he has distributed a publication containing any such matter as is mentioned in sub-section (1), if at the time of distribution he had no reasonable grounds for believing that it contained or was likely to contain any such matter as aforesaid:   PROVIDED that this sub-section shall not apply in respect of the di stribution of— (i)  any publication which is a book or paper printed or published otherwise than in conformity with the rules contained in section 3 of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, (25 of 1867); (ii)  any publication which is a newspaper published otherwise than in conformity with the rules contained in section 5 of the said Act. According to Section 3 of the Act, which deals with certain exceptions, a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he has published any mater which interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the course of justice in connection with any civil or criminal proceeding pending at the time of publication, if at the time he had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending. In Managing Director Vamin v. O. P. Bensal, it was held that a defence of truth or justification is not available to the publisher of a newspaper in proceedings for contempt of Court.The publication of reports of proceedings before a court of law must be true, accurate and without malice. Section 4. Fair and accurate report of Judicial proceeding not contempt   Subject to the provisions contained in section 7, a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing a fair and accurate report of a judicial proceeding or any stage thereof. In Subhash Chand v. S. M. Aggarwal, the Court held that the media reports must represent a fair and accurate report of judicial proceeding and not be a one-sided picture. It is very essential that while reproducing the court proceedings, no words may be added, omitted or substituted. Section 5.Fair criticism of judicial act not contempt   A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing any fair comment on the merits of any case which has been heard and finally decided. Judges and courts are not unduly sensitive or touchy to fair and reasonable criticism of their judgments fair comments even if outspoken but made without maturity or attempting to impair the administration of justice and made in good faith in proper language do not attract any punishment for contempt of court. —In re Roshan Lal Ahuja 1993 Supp 4 SCC 446 In a democracy fair criticism of the working of all the organs of State should be welcome and would in fact promote the interests of democratic functioning. Sec. of the Act evidently enacted with a view to secure the right of fair criticism provides that a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing any fair comment on the merits of the case which has been heard and finally decided. This does not mean that the right to commit for any contempt by scandalizing the court has become obsolete. The question would still be whether the publication alleged to be offending is by way of fair comment on the merits of the case. —Vincent Panikulangara v. Gopal Kurup 1982 CrLJ 2094 The Supreme Court on 15 July, 2010 dismissed a contempt petition fil ed against Union Minister Kapil Sibal for allegedly making contemptuous remarks against the judiciary.A Bench comprising Justices J M Panchal and A K Patnaik said the article in the newspaper, which had quoted Sibals message on judiciary and legal fraternity published in a magazine, did not impair administration of justice or bring it to disrepute. Section 6. Complaint against presiding officers of subordinate courts when not contempt A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court in respect of any statement made by him in good faith concerning the presiding officer of any subordinate court to— (a) any other subordinate court, or (b) the High Court, to which it is subordinate. Explanation:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this section, â€Å"subordinate court† means any court subordinate to a High Court.A complaint or report about a judicial officer of his dishonesty, partiality or other conduct unbecoming of a court, made to an authority to which it is subordinate, is not contemp t of court if all reasonable care is taken by the makers to keep it confidential. In re Court on its Own Motion, the Court held that immunity is provided to a citizen making a complaint to the High Court against a presiding officer of a subordinate court so long as the complaint is made in good faith. Unwarranted and defamatory attack upon the character and ability of the Judge made by the counsel in the application of transfer of proceedings from the said court does not constitute a mere complaint under s. 6 of the Contempt of Court Act, but clearly constitutes criminal contempt by scandalizing the court within the meaning of s. 2(c) of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. Section 7.Publication of information relating to proceeding in chambers or in camera not contempt except in certain cases   (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing a fair and accurate report of a judicial proceeding before any court sitti ng in chambers or in camera except in the following cases, that is to say (a)  where the publication is contrary to the provisions of any enactment for the time being in force; (b)  where the court, on ground of public policy or in exercise of any power vested in it, expressly prohibits the publication of all information relating to the proceeding or of information of the description which is published; (c)  where the court sits in chambers on in camera for reason connected with public order or the security of the State, the publication of information relating to those proceedings; (d) where the information relates to a secret process, discovery or invention which is an issue in proceedings. 2) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing the text or a fair and accurate summary of the whole or any part, of an order made by a court sitting in chambers or in camera, unless the court has express ly prohibited the publication thereof on grounds of public policy, or for reasons connected with public order or the security of the State, or on the ground that it contains information relating to a secret process, discovery or invention, or in exercise of any power vested in it. Those who have to discharge duty in a court of justice are protected by the law are shielded in the discharge of their duties, any deliberate interference in the discharge of such duties either in court or outside the court by attacking the presiding officer of the court would amount to criminal contempt and the court must take serious cognizance of such conduct. —Delhi Judicial Service Association v.State of Gujarat AIR 1991 SC 2176   In the instant case the court held the contemner, Shri Vinay Chandra Mishra guilty of the offence of the criminal contempt of the court for having interfered with and obstructed the course of justice by trying to threaten, over awe and overbear the court by using in sulting disrespectful and threatening language and committed him of the said offence. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Act 129 is sui generis. The jurisdiction to take cognizance by any statute. Neither the Contempt of Court Act, 1971 nor the Advocates Act, 1961, can be preserved into service to restrict the said jurisdiction. —Ir re Vinayachandra Mishra 1995 (2) SCC 584 Section 21. Act not to apply to Nyaya Panchayata or other Village Courts. Nothing contained in this Act shall apply in relation to contempt of Nyaya Panchayats or other village Courts, by whatever name known, for the administration of justice, established under any law.Section 22. Act to be in addition to, and not in derogation of, other laws relating to contempt The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of the provisions of any other law relating to contempt of courts. The expression â€Å"not in derogation of† is intended to mean that substantive powers of c ontempt cannot be abrogated by the Act. An act or action which was not contempt of court before the Act came in force shall not be punishable as contempt of court under the Act. The provisions incorporated in the Act are supplement to already existing law of contempt as interpreted by the Supreme Court and different High CourtsTrial by Media There is today a feeling that in view of the extensive use of the television and cable services, the whole pattern of publication of news has changed and several such publications are likely to have prejudicial impact on the suspects, accused, witnesses and even Judges and in general, on the administration of justice. According to our law, a suspect/accused is entitled to a fair procedure and is presumed to be innocent till proved guilty in a Court of law. None can be allowed to prejudge or prejudice his case by the time it goes to trial. Art. 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India guarantees freedom of speech and expression and Art. 9(2) permits reasonable restrictions to be imposed by statute for the purposes of various matters including ‘Contempt of Court’. Art. 19(2) does not refer to ‘administration of justice’ but interference of the administration of justice is clearly referred to in the definition of ‘criminal contempt’ in sec. 2 of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and in sec. 3 thereof as amounting to contempt. Therefore, publications which interfere or tend to interfere with the administration of justice amount to criminal contempt under that Act and if in order to preclude such interference, the provisions of that Act impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech, such restrictions would be valid. In A. K. Gopalan v.Noordeen, the Supreme Court held that publications made after the arrest of a person could be criminal contempt if such publications prejudice any trial later in a criminal court. As the Explanation now stands, ‘pendency of a criminal proceedingâ€⠄¢ is defined in clause (B) as starting from the filing of a charge sheet or challan or issuance of summons or warrant by a criminal court. The Supreme Court in the above case held that publication made even after arrest and before filing of charge sheet could also be prejudicial. If so, that guarantee must be implied in the ‘due process’ under Article 21 as explained in Maneka Gandhi’s case and to that extent, it is permissible to regulate publications by media made after arrest even if such arrest has been made before the filing of the charge sheet or challan. SuggestionIt is initially necessary to define â€Å"publication† as including publication in print and electronic media, radio broadcast and cable television and the world-wide web by insertion of an Explanation in clause(c) of Section 2 of the principal Act, to enlarge the meaning of the word ‘publication’ as stated above. http://punjabrevenue. nic. in/contempt_court1. htm http://shod hganga. inflibnet. ac. in/bitstream/10603/3570/12/12_chapter%204. pdf [ 2 ]. Report of Committee on Contempt of Courts (1963). [ 3 ]. H. N. Sanyal, the then Additional Solicitor General of India. [ 4 ]. The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 (Act No. 70 of 1971). It came into force w. e. f. December 24, 1971. [ 5 ]. 1900 (2) QBD 36 (40). [ 6 ]. AIR 1974 SC 710. [ 7 ].Rustom Cawasjee v. Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 1318. [ 8 ]. Whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations, or otherwise. [ 9 ]. (1982) Cr. LJ 322 (Raj). [ 10 ]. Wasuddeoraoji v. A D Mani, AIR 1951 Nag. 26. [ 11 ]. 1984 Cr. L. J. 481. [ 12 ]. E. T. Sen v. E. Narayanan, AIR 1969 Del. 201. [ 13 ]. www. zeenews. com. /news 641275 html. [ 14 ]. re Guljari Lal, 1968 MPLJ 725 (MP). [ 15 ]. 1973 Cr LJ 1106 (P ; H). [ 16 ]. State of M. P. v. Chandrakant Saraf 1985 CrLJ 1716 [ 17 ]. High Court of Karnataka v. Y. K. Subanna 1990 Cr LJ 1159 [ 18 ]. Harish Chandra Misra v. S. Ali Ahmed, AIR 1986 Pat 65. [ 19 ]. 1969(2) SCC 734